Gilpin, R, and JM Gilpin. 1987. The political economy of international relations. Princeton University Press Princeton, NJ.
"Over the past century and a half, the ideologies of liberalism, nationalism and Marxism have divided humanity...The conflict among these three moral and intellectual positions has revolved around the role and significance of the market in the organization of society and economic affairs" (25).
"These three ideologies are fundamentally different in their conceptions of the relationships among society, state, and market, and it may not be an exaggeration to say that every controversy in the field of international political economy is ultimately reducible to differing conceptions of these relationships" (25).
The word "ideology" is explicitly used to reference these different schools of thought because the word "theory" doesn't carry enough weight. Ideology captures the relationship between the positive and the normative.
"Although scholars have produced a number of 'theories' to explain the relationship of economics and politics, these three stand out and have had a profound influence on scholarship and political affairs. In highly oversimplified terms, economic nationalism...which developed from the practice of statesmen in the early modern period, assumes and advocates the primacy of politics over economics. It is essentially a doctrine of state-building and asserts that the market should be subordinate to the pursuit of state interests. It argues that political factors do, or at least should, determine economic relations. Liberalism, which emerged from the Enlightenment in the writings of Adam Smith and others, was a reaction to mercantilism and has become embodied in orthodox economics. It assumes that politics and economics exist, at least ideally, in separate spheres; it argues that markets--in the interest of efficiency, growth, and consumer choice--should be free from political interference. Marxism, which appeared in the mid-nineteenth century as a reaction against liberalism and classical economics, holds that economics drives politics. Political conflict arises from struggle among classes over the distribution of wealth. Hence, political conflict will crease with the elimination of the market and of a society of classes" (25).
"All forms of economic liberalism...are committed to the market and the price mechanism as the most efficacious means for organizing domestic and international economic relations" (27).
Assumptions: spontaneous market development; individuals form the foundation of society; they are rational in a specific way; there is free information; there is a tendency towards stability; there are always absolute gains to trade.
Nationalism: "Its central idea is that economic activities are and should be subordinate to the goal of state building and the interests of the state. All nationalists ascribe to the primacy of the state, of national security, and of military power in the organization and functioning of the international system" (31).
Viner (1958) quote: "'I believe that practically all mercantilists, whatever the period, country, or status of the particular individual, would have subscribed to all of the following propositions: (1) wealth is an absolutely essential means to power, whether for security or for aggression; (2) power is essential or valuable as a means to the acquisition or retention of wealth; (3) wealth and power are each proper ultimate ends of national policy; (4) there is long-run harmony between these ends, although in particular circumstances it may be necessary for a time to make economic sacrifices in the interest of military security and therefore also of long-run prosperity'" (32).
"Whereas liberal writers generally view the pursuit of power and wealth...as involving a tradeoff, nationalists tend to regard the two goals as being complementary" (32). (this passage references Knorr (1944))
The nationalist is keenly interested in industrialization.
"As Robert Heilbroner (1980) has argued, despite the existence of...different Marxisms, four essential elements can be found in the overall corpus of Marxist writings. The first element is the dialectical approach to knowledge and society that defines the nature of reality as dynamic and conflictual; social disequilibria and consequent change are due to the class struggle and the working out of contradictions inherent in social and political phenomena...The second element is a materialist approach to history...The third is a general view of capitalist development; the capitalist mode of production and its destiny are governed by a set of 'economic laws of motion of modern society.' The fourth is a normative commitment to socialism" (35).
"In a world of competing states, the nationalist considers relative gain to be more important than mutual gain" (33).
