Hohn, Karl. Four early attempts to develop power formulas (1741-1995). International Relations. 3-4. 2011. http://powermetrics.bplaced.net/earlyformulas.pdf
Reviews the history of power formulas. First there is the work of Submilch (1741) which argued that power is a factor of population times population density. Next there is the work of Friedensburg (1936) who argued that power is a factor of the supply of raw materials times population. Third, there is the work of Stewart (1945/1954) who argued that power was a function of population divided by the distance between one country and another. Fourth there is the work of Wright (1955) who argued that power is a function of population times secondary energy production.